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2                GNU Free Documentation License
3                 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
4
5
6 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
7     <http://fsf.org/>
8 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
9 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
10
110. PREAMBLE
12
13The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
14functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
15assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
16with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
17Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
18to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
19for modifications made by others.
20
21This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
22works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
23complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
24license designed for free software.
25
26We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
27software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
28program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
29software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
30it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
31whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
32principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
33
34
351. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
36
37This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
38contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
39distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
40world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
41work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,
42refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
43licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you
44copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
45under copyright law.
46
47A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
48Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
49modifications and/or translated into another language.
50
51A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
52the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
53publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
54subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
55directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
56part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
57any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
58connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
59commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
60them.
61
62The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
63are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
64that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
65section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
66allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
67Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
68Sections then there are none.
69
70The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
71as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
72the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
73be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
74
75A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
76represented in a format whose specification is available to the
77general public, that is suitable for revising the document
78straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
79pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
80drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
81for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
82to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
83format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
84or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
85An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
86of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
87
88Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
89ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
90or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
91HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of
92transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats
93include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
94proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
95processing tools are not generally available, and the
96machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
97processors for output purposes only.
98
99The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
100plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
101this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
102formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
103the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
104preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
105
106The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
107the Document to the public.
108
109A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
110title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
111text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
112specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
113"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"
114of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
115section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
116
117The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
118states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
119Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
120License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
121implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
122no effect on the meaning of this License.
123
1242. VERBATIM COPYING
125
126You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
127commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
128copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
129to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
130other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
131technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
132copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
133compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
134number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
135
136You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
137you may publicly display copies.
138
139
1403. COPYING IN QUANTITY
141
142If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
143printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
144Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
145copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
146Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
147the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
148you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
149the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
150visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
151Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
152the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
153as verbatim copying in other respects.
154
155If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
156legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
157reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
158pages.
159
160If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
161more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
162copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
163a computer-network location from which the general network-using
164public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
165a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
166If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
167when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
168that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
169location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
170Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
171edition to the public.
172
173It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
174Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
175give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
176Document.
177
178
1794. MODIFICATIONS
180
181You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
182the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
183the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
184Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
185and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
186of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
187
188A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
189   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
190   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
191   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
192   if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
193B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
194   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
195   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
196   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
197   unless they release you from this requirement.
198C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
199   Modified Version, as the publisher.
200D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
201E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
202   adjacent to the other copyright notices.
203F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
204   giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
205   terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
206G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
207   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
208H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
209I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
210   to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
211   publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
212   there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
213   stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
214   given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
215   Version as stated in the previous sentence.
216J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
217   public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
218   the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
219   it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.
220   You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
221   least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
222   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
223K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
224   Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
225   the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
226   and/or dedications given therein.
227L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
228   unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
229   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
230M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
231   may not be included in the Modified Version.
232N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
233   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
234O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
235
236If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
237appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
238copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
239of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
240list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
241These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
242
243You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
244nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
245parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
246been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
247standard.
248
249You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
250passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
251of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
252Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
253through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
254includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
255by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
256you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
257permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
258
259The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
260give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
261imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
262
263
2645. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
265
266You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
267License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
268versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
269Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
270list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
271license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
272
273The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
274multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
275copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
276different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
277adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
278author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
279Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
280Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
281
282In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
283in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
284"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
285and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections
286Entitled "Endorsements".
287
288
2896. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
290
291You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
292documents released under this License, and replace the individual
293copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
294that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
295of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
296other respects.
297
298You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
299distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
300copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
301License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
302document.
303
304
3057. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
306
307A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
308and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
309distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
310resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
311of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
312When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
313apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
314derivative works of the Document.
315
316If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
317copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
318the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
319covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
320electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
321Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
322aggregate.
323
324
3258. TRANSLATION
326
327Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
328distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
329Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
330permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
331translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
332original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
333translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
334Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
335the original English version of this License and the original versions
336of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
337the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
338or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
339
340If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
341"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
342its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
343title.
344
345
3469. TERMINATION
347
348You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
349except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
350otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
351will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
352
353However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
354from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
355unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
356terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
357fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
35860 days after the cessation.
359
360Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
361reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
362violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
363received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
364copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
365your receipt of the notice.
366
367Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
368licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
369this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
370reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
371not give you any rights to use it.
372
373
37410. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
375
376The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
377GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new versions
378will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
379detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
380http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
381
382Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
383If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
384License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
385following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
386of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
387Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
388number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
389as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Document
390specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
391License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
392version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
393Document.
394
39511. RELICENSING
396
397"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
398World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
399provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
400public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.  A
401"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
402means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
403
404"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
405license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
406corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
407California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
408published by that same organization.
409
410"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
411part, as part of another Document.
412
413An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
414License, and if all works that were first published under this License
415somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
416in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
417(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
418
419The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
420under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
421provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
422
423
424ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
425
426To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
427the License in the document and put the following copyright and
428license notices just after the title page:
429
430    Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
431    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
432    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
433    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
434    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
435    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
436    Free Documentation License".
437
438If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
439replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
440
441    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
442    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
443
444If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
445combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
446situation.
447
448If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
449recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
450free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
451to permit their use in free software.
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